Unmanned Ground Vehicle 

Introduction

Radar is an object detection system which uses radio waves to determine the range, altitude, direction, or speed of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. The radar dish or antenna transmits pulses of radio waves or micro waves which bounce off any object in their path. The object returns a tiny part of the wave's energy to a dish or antenna which is usually located at the same site as the transmitter. The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air traffic control, radar astronomy, air-defense systems, antimissile systems ;marine radar start locate landmarks and other ships; aircraft anti-collision systems; ocean surveillance systems, outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems; meteorological precipitation monitoring; altimetry and flight control systems; guided missile target locating systems; and ground-penetrating radar for geological observations.

How to program an Arduino? 

The Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like verify, upload, new, open, save, serial monitor. It also consists of a text editor to write the code, a message area which displays the feedback like showing the errors, the text console which displays the output and a series of menus like the File, Edit, Tools menu. Thus the code is uploaded by the bootloader onto the microcontroller.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR

As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target. Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the emission and reception. 

The distance can be calculated with the following formula: Distance L = 1/2 × T × C Where L is the distance, T is the time between the emission and reception, and C is the sonic speed. (The value is multiplied by 1/2 because T is the time for go-and-return distance.) Features The following list shows typical characteristics enabled by the detection system. [Transparent object detectable] Since ultrasonic waves can reflect off a glass or liquid surface and return to the sensor head, even transparent targets can be detected.

PRINCIPLE OR MEDTHODOLOGY

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called a radar signals in predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually reflected or scattered in many directions Example:- let us take example for bat Bat released the eco sound while travelling . If any object came in middle and it reflect back to the bat.

ADVANTAGES:-

The cost effective : Our project approx. 1000rs only.

1. Improvised accuracy: The resistors with low value in milliohms are used in advanced cars with sensitive power steering and break circuits. Now a days these advancements have become the major cause for the severe accidents . Therefore the components used in such circuits must have accurate and precise value for smooth working of such circuits. Ultimately this refers to the accurate testing of the resistors used. Improvised accuracy is thus the second primary aim of the sensor. 

2. Reduced hardware complexity: Hardware complexity is one of the reasons for the high cost of the ultrasonic sensor. The use of arduino Uno is to reduce the motherboard present in the conventional ohmmeter in arduino based ultrasonic sensor. The arduino acts as the central board. Since arduino are readily available in market it leads to the reduction in the complexity of the design. The automated range selection is also the objective in order to speedup the testing process. This will also reduce the faults in range selection in manually operated conventional sensor.

 Applications and usages:

The development of the radar technology took place during the World War II in which it was used for detecting the approaching aircraft and then later for many other purposes which finally led to the development of advanced military radars being used these days. Military radars have a highly specialized design to be highly mobile and easily transportable, by air as well as ground. Military radar should be an early warning, altering along with weapon control functions. It is specially designed to be highly mobile and should be such that it can be deployed within minutes.

Conclusion:

This project aims on the use of Ultrasonic Sensor by connected to the Arduino UNO R3 board and the signal from the sensor further provided to the screen formed on the laptop to measure the presence of any obstacle in front of the sensor as well as determine the range and angle at which the obstacle is detected by the sensor.